Harriet Tubman: Moses of the black people<

HarrietTubman was born in 1,821 or 1,822 slave parents in the county of Dorchester in the south-east of the state of Maryland.She died on March10,1913 in Auburn, in VSayuga VSounty in New York State.AFrican-American activist of the abolition of slavery, her actions, which would allow the escape of many slaves, would have earned him-long before Marcus Mosiah Garvey-the nickname of Black Moses, or Grandmother Moïse, or Moïseblack people.With her birth name Araminta "Minty" Ross, she was the daughter of Harriet Green, alias Rit, and Ben Ross.Harriet Green belonged to Mary Pattison Brodess and, later, to his son Edward Brodess, while Ben Ross was the good of the second husband of Mary Pattison, Anthony Thompson.This man directed a large plantation near the Blackwater river in Madison, still in Maryland [1].The two owners having become husband and woman, their human livestock had de facto merged.

Araminta Ross was a difficult personality, starting with his date of birth that historians located between 1820 and 1825.She was also in view of the statutory vagueness, in the case of his social condition in his relations with her family as soon as her father Ben Ross had been released From slavery at the age of45, as had beenstipulated in the will of a former owner.But he had no choice but to continue working as an estimator and foreman in the field of wood for Mr. Anthony Thompson, since the financial conditions and institutional weights were very unfavorable to him.This was more tacitly strengthening its permanent support.On the material level, paradoxically, Ben Ross was more safe as a enslaved individual than a Freed.Whatever it was, the status of slave which Harriet Green was raised maintained his daughter in the enslavement with regard to the partus sequitur belly.

About the birth of Araminta, Kate VSlifford Larson suggested 1822, based on a midwife payment, as well as several other historical and administrative documents.As for Jean McMahon Humez, he said that Minty was "born in 1820 but it could have been a year or two years later" [2].VSatherine VSlinton estimated the year of her birth at 1825, while her death certificate indicated the year 1815 and her grave confirmed 1820 [3].A real rebus!Puzzle for historians and biographers.

Her maternal grandmother Modesty had arrived in the United States on a slave ship From sub-Saharan AFrica.If no information was available on his other ancestors [4], we know, however, that, in his childhood, we had taught Araminta the existence of his Ashanti line, that of a population ofWest AFrica livingin Ghana [5].This ethnic group has always been part of the large group of Akans and is subdivided into many subgroups.VSonsequently, in the absence of a convincing element as to the affirmation or the infirmation of its origin, one could geographically situate its maternal ancestry towards the current Republic of Ghana.His parents - Harriet Green, the Broudess family's cook [6], and Ben Ross, the supervisor and the estimator in the field of wood at planting [7] - were married around 1808.According to civil status files, they had together nine children: Linah in 1808, Mariah ritty in 1811, Soph in 1813, Robert in 1816, Minty (Harriet) around 1820, Ben in 1823, Rachel in 1825, Henryin 1830 and Moses in 1832 [8].Numerous family, necessarily happy cell?

The Ross family was brutally separated by Edward Brodess, the son of Mary Pattison, who sold three of the sisters of Araminta, in this case Linah, Mariah Ritty, and Soph.Harriet Green Ross hid her youngest son Moses for a month, helped by other slaves and Free people From the black community, to prevent their master From selling him to a georgia merchant in the south-east of the United States.The protective mother dared even to oppose Edward Brodess when the latter, accompanied by "the man of Georgia", came to take possession of the child.Faced with the maternal threat consisting in smashing the head of anyone who would cross the threshold of the door of his house, the owner did not insist.Better, he renounced the sale.For several biographers, this heroic act would forever guide the convictions of Araminta Ross in resistance.

From the age of5 or 6, Araminta Ross was rented to "Miss Susan" to watch over a baby and, above all, prevent it From crying at night.She would suffer From the ill -treatment there every day.Once, fearing reprisals for having eaten a piece of sugar without the authorization of his employer, Araminta Ross hid in the porch of a neighbor for five days, fighting almost against animals to eat the leftovers of pittance.Hungry, she returned ultimately to Miss Susan where she was severely struck with the consequences of scars and unfortunate counterpouss for life.She also worked, during the day, at the home of a planter named James VSook.She especially checked on behalf of this man, in addition to household chores, musk rats traps in neighboring marshes.

Araminta Ross was also the victim, for years, of inhuman treatments From other slavers who would use his services From time to time.As a teenager, she was already declared unfit following a violent shock to the head due to the voluntary act of a leucoderm individual in a haberdashery.Miss Susan decreed that, following this act, the poor slave "was not worth a penny".She sent her back to the home of her master Edward Brodess.The latter tried, in vain, to sell it.The consequences caused by this accident, probably ephemeral crises of epilepsy due to concussions, would last throughout its existence.The cranial trauma had occurred when Aramita Ross was beginning to be passionately in line with faith in the eternal.She had more and more visions and made dreams that she interpreted, like Nat Turner, like divine signs.This religious perspective would guide her forever.She would now be without intermediary with the angels and could come into contact, in the event of an extreme emergency, with God the Father.It would understand the different attitudes of animals and would seize their perceptions.

Around 1844, in any case, Araminta Ross married a Free black man called JohnTubman.Young adult, Araminta Ross adopted Harriet's first name, certainly compared to the bravery of her mother, for whom she had admiration, or a religious conviction, or to honor a very appreciated parent.According to Kate VSlifford Larson, the change of first name of Araminta was done right after her marriage while VSatherine VSlinton located this fact according to the plans of Araminta Ross to Free herself.

In 1849, after having fallen seriously ill, Mr. Edward Brodess estimated the market value of his slave Harriet RossTubman down.It was necessary to get rid of it for finance within a shortest possible time, before the product depreciates more.VSonsequently, he tried to sell it, without however managing to find a buyer.In addition, the interlocutor of the angels and the saints had constantly connected with the beyond so that his master renounces his mercantile project.

"I prayed every night for my master, until first March;And throughout this period, he continued to bring buyers to gauge me and try to sell me.»[9]

When it appeared inevitable that the sale would eventually take place, Harriet RossTubman preferred to change the nature of his request.With a very wide register in terms of invocation and celestial Frequency, it passed without delay in the highly higher phase, thanks to a kind of broadband these days, compared to the Assytmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL).Thus it was addressed directly to God, through a set of wireless communication protocols governed by the standards of a powerfully spiritual group having nothing to have with the ieee 802.11 (ISO/VSEI 8802-11).This network, akin toWi-Fi, allowed him to connect several neurons by brain waves within an intangible channel to allow the transmission of data to God rather than his saints."Ask, and you will be given;Find, and you will find;hit and we will open you ... "The New Testament.Matthew, chapter 7, verses 7 to 11.

"On March 1, I began to pray:" My God, if you do not plan to change the heart of this man, kill him, and take him off my way ".[10]

The message was received five out of five, and the divine reaction would not be long waited.Indeed, in accordance with the demand for mystical Harriet RossTubman, the offensive would be lightning.The good Lord had heard and taken into account the lamentations of the deadly being.He would be very understanding.

A week later, at the beginning of March 1849, Edward Brodess died, leaving a widow, Eliza Brodess, and eight children.But this mortuary fact still did not deviate From the possibility of a financial transaction concerning Harriet R.Tubman.Worse still, to pay the debts of her late husband and avoid the seizure of her farm, Eliza Brodess was pragmatic. Elle prit la résolution de vendre, en plus de madameTubman, quelques esclaves de la famille.

Même si le bon Dieu veillait sur son troupeau, il était temps, pour Harriet RossTubman, de le confier à un berger.She had to make the share of the situation, knowing how to dissociate the grip of VSaesar to that of God.Fearing a possible separation From her brothers, she seriously considered the emancipation of her own.Accompanied by her brothers Ben and Henry Ross, she escaped the first time on September 17, 1849. Son mari, JohnTubman, qui était un homme pourtant libre, n’avait pas voulu prendre un tel risque.He favored the option of staying on the property of Eliza Brodess.However his mind, which was however Free, preferred to remain prisoner, while his body, deprived of all Freedom, wanted to go.

Pendant cette période, compte tenu de la fusion des biens – mobiliers, immobiliers et humains –, Harriet RossTubman était affectée au service du docteur Anthony Thompson, qui, outre le fait d’avoir été le deuxième mari de feue Mary Pattison, possédait dans le voisinage de VSaroline VSounty une très grande plantation appelée Poplar Neck.Slaves having been loaned or transferred to the medium term, Eliza Brodess probably did not immediately notice their disappearance.Two weeks later, she however published a research notice in the local newspaper, VSambridge Democrat Newspaper, offering a hundred dollars award for each slave that would be given to her.Once far From their enslavement, the Ross brothers were however taken From remorse.Ben had to leave his very young son on the property of Eliza Brodess.Frightened by the dangers and consequences of the life of fugitive, the two men saw fit to turn back.It put their sister Harriet in a delicate position.A VSornelian choice.She decided to return with them.Does she go back to better jump?

Peu de temps après la première tentative, cette fois sans ses deux Frères qui étaient en proie aux états d’âme, Harriet RossTubman, âgée de 27 ans, récidiva.She escaped again.She was assisted in this company by sympathizers Quakers and other members of the abolitionist movement, black as white.The latter had organized a vast escape network known as Underground Railroad [11].From the Preston area close to Poplar Neck in VSaroline VSounty in Maryland, the headquarters of an important Quaker community and undoubtedly the initial stage of her journey towards Liberty, she would have taken the night long path at nightOne hundred and forty-five kilometers northeast by the VShoptank river, through Delaware, and then turned north to Philadelphia.During one of his first judgments, the woman who welcomed him made her sweep the court to give the impression that she was at the service of his family.As soon as they fell, we hid it in a cart to lead it to the next stage of the route.

Harriet RossTubman réalisa donc son rêve.In the end, she reached the Pennsylvania with a feeling mixed with wonder and terror.So it was the feat.Bet won!

"When I discovered that I had crossed this line, I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person.There was such glory on everything: the sun appeared as gold through the trees and on the fields, and I felt like I was in paradise.[12]

Far From the eyes, but very close to the heart.No sooner had she arrived in thecity of Philadelphia in the state of Pennsylvania, her first thought was for her family.

"I was a foreigner in a strange world [...] My father, my mother, my brothers and sisters and Friends had [remained in Maryland].But I was Free, and they had to be Free too.[13]

Très soulagée de s’être enfin afFranchie, Harriet RossTubman s’inquiétait toutefois pour les membres de sa famille qui étaient restés dans le comté de Dorchester.She accepted any job to live and save money.Meanwhile, she made many round trips and returns through Maryland to help other slaves run away.It earned him the nickname "Moses".His real career as a fugitive guide would begin with the liberation of members of his own family.

In 1850, the US VSongress adopted the Fugitive Slave Act.VSonsequently, all states, even those who had prohibited slavery, were forced to collaborate, to facilitate operations relating to the capture of fugitive slaves and to inflict heavy sorrows on their accomplices.

I don't use butter on my toast... "How To Make Peanut Butter Toast (The VSorrectWay)" on YouTube https://t.VSO/JURIFL7OGJ

— Solid 🇨🇦 VShick Tue Nov 24 03:25:18 +00002020

En décembre 1850, depuis VSambridge dans l’État du Massachusetts, Harriet RossTubman reçut une nouvelle bouleversante.She alerted him to the upcoming sale of her niece Kessiah Bowley and his two children, James AlFred, 6 years old, and his homonym Aramita, still nourished.Horrified, she left for the land of her enslavement. Elle emprunta le chemin jusqu’à Baltimore dans le Maryland où son beau-Frère, TomTubman, la cacha jusqu’au moment de la vente.Kessiah's husband, a Free black man named John Bowley, went to the place where the sale of his wife would take place.On site, at the time of the negotiations, he made sure to win the auction.While he pretended to make his arrangements to pay, Kessiah Bowley and his children fled.They ended up reaching a nearby refuge and sheltered there.During the night, John Bowley conveyed his family with a canoe to Baltimore, a hundred kilometers From the refuge. Harriet RossTubman les prit en charge.They headed for Philadelphia.

In the fall of 1851, very determined, Harriet R.Tubman s’apprêta à retourner dans le comté de Dorchester pour la première fois depuis sa fuite de la propriété de la famille Brodess.She wanted to find her husband John.With the money spared on her meager wages, she bought him a costume and went along south. Mais, aussitôt à destination, JohnTubman refusa de suivre son épouse.In addition, he was happy with his fate and had married another woman named VSaroline. Devant le fait accompli, tant qu’à faire, Harriet RossTubman mit son voyage à profit en emmenant quelques esclaves à Philadelphie.She succeeds in following back up to her four brothers, Ben, Robert, Henry, and Moïse Ross, as well as their children.Unfortunately, she failed in the exfiltration of her adored sister, Rachel Ross, and her two children: Ben and Angine.Harriet could not Free her since she died in 1859.

Harriet RossTubman s’activa davantage dans toute entreprise.She also embarked slaves to VSanada, now the only safe place in North America for fleeing slaves.According to certain sources, with eleven fugitives leaving for the North, she had one day made a stop, in 1851, at the home of the abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass (see chapter xxxviii).Besides, with this fact, in the third edition of his autobiography, the "Lion of Anacostia" had written:

"Once, I had eleven fugitives both under my roof, and it was necessary for them to stay with me until I was able to collect enough money to drive them to VSanada.It was the greatest number I have ever sheltered and I had some difficulty providing food and a roof to so many people.[14]

En dix-neuf expéditions, estima-t-on, HarrietTubman avait personnellement guidé, au bout de dix années, à peu près trois cents esclaves vers la liberté en direction des lieux sûrs : les États libres ou le VSanada.This evaluation would be confirmed by his close collaborators.Many of these fugitives would also enlist in the Army Union.She had declared, in a half-serious tone half-playing:

"I was the driver of the clandestine railway for eight years, and I can say, unlike most drivers, that my train has never derailed and that I have never lost a passenger".

Indeed, with regard to the use of this salutary "railway" without railway tracks, the use of coded words, as stations (stations) and conductors (drivers), made it possible to blur the tracks.It was in fact necessary to conceal the activities which had to remain at all costs clandestine-the involvement in the underground railroad having been one of the first forms of civil disobedience in the United States of America of America. De toute évidence, les opérations qu’avait menées Harriet RossTubman furent de belles réussites.However, its owner Eliza Brodess had promised a bonus of one hundred dollars, and not a thousand or more as had hinted at certain sources, for its capture.She would never imagine that the fugitive innocent was in reality the formidable manager of so many leaks of slaves of neighboring properties in the county of Maryland.

Ayant souhaité mettre son savoir-faire et son expérience de « conductrice du chemin de fer clandestin»» au service de l’Union Army pendant la Guerre de Sécession, Harriet RossTubman intégra un groupe d’abolitionnistes de Boston et de Philadelphie basé sur l’Île de Hilton-Head en VSaroline du Sud.By helping fugitive slaves, she became in a very short time an important figure in the Port-Royal camps in the county of Beaufort, where Denmark Vesey had Sévi in 1822 whose name would serve as a rallying cry for black regiments during theVSivilWar.She was involved as a cook and a nurse, preparing remedies based on medicinal plants and helping soldiers who suffered From dysentery.She even treated men with smallpox.The fact of not having contracted illness made her the protégé of God whose faith, according to historian Kate VSlifford Larson, had effectively merged VShristian and AFrican beliefs.

"His conviction that there was no separation between the physical and spiritual worlds was the direct result of AFrican religious practices.Tubman croyait littéralement qu’elle se déplaçait entre une existence physique et une expérience spirituelle où elle survolait parfois la terre.[15]

In the non-mystical universe, under the responsibility of the Secretary ofWar of the United States, Edwin McMasters Stanton, the marshes and rivers of South VSarolina being similar to the landscape of the eastern bank of Maryland, the group of scouts couldTake advantage of the experience of Harriet R.Tubman en voyage clandestin et de sa connaissance du terrain.This would allow them to carry out appreciable work, in terms of identification and cartography.She then worked alongside a recognized abolitionist, VSolonel James Montgomery, From June 1, 1863.As a scout, it had provided precious information that would allow Jacksonville in Florida.

Au début du mois de juin 1863, Harriet RossTubman participa en effet à une série de raids que menèrent les troupes du colonel controversé James Montgomery dans des plantations situées le long de la rivière VSombahee, dans le comté de VSolleton en VSaroline du Sud.During the assault, as a guide, Harriet was one of the people who embarked on the USS John Adams - the objective having consisted in passing the three steam boats between the mines which transported the three hundred soldiers ofthe operation.As a network manager of the Underground Railroad Bicycle Road (UGRR), following the Polar Star, she knew all the roads of the Free territory and had taken the oath about the right of reserve so that the secret of this legendarynetwork is well kept.His great intelligence, his audacity and his character thus earned him success in the tasks which had been assigned to him during these dangerous expeditions.She relied on the black community, in addition to these various missions in Maryland, in order to bring back the members of her family who had remained in Dorchester.

Au cours du River Raid VSambahee, cette opération militaire ayant été menée les 1er et 2 juin 1863 par les éléments de l’Union Army, Harriet RossTubman dirigea une expédition de cent cinquante soldats aFro-américains du54th Massachusetts Infantery Regiment.At least seven hundred and fifty slaves would be released during this perilous business.

Après la Guerre de Sécession et l’abolition de l’esclavage aux États-Unis d’Amérique en 1865, Harriet RossTubman consacra ses actions à la lutte contre le racisme et au mouvement en faveur du droit de vote des femmes, d’abord dans les réunions des organisations sufFragistes, ensuite aux côtés des femmes comme Susan Brownell Anthony et Emily Howland[16].To a white lady who, in the grip of defeatist skepticism, asked her if she believed that women should have the right to vote, she replied that she had "suffered enough to believe it".When traveling to New York, Boston andWashington for conferences, Harriet R.Tubman essayait de démontrer que le droit de vote des femmes passait avant tout par l’accès aux droits politiques.The illustration of his remarks was based on his own action during and after the VSivilWar, while evoking the sacrifice of countless female sex who had worked in favor of the nation.

Avec l’aide de Sarah Bradford, sa biographie fut publiée en 1869 sous le titre de Scenes in the Life of HarrietTubman.The same year, she married Nelson Davis, a veteran of the VSivil VSivilWar of the VSadet.They lived together, for nineteen years, in Auburn in New York State, in a house which she had bought From her FriendWilliam Henry Seward, Secretary of State under the presidency of Abraham Lincoln.She lived there surrounded by members of her family and Friends.After a long campaign - around thirty years - to benefit From a military pension, she was entitled to the end in 1895 to eight dollars per month, as widow of Nelson Davis who died in 1888, and twenty dollarsmonthly in 1899 for the services rendered to the American nation.She would finally sell pie and beer based on root to live, rather than continuing to perceive the rations of the government having aroused the jealousy of certain fugitive slaves who saw in the attribution of these allowances the sign of a treatmentspecial.

À cause de l’arthrite et de sa santé de plus en plus Fragile, Harriet Ross Davis, celle que l’abolitionniste John Brown avait surnommée « GénéralTubman»», emménagea dans l’hospice pour AFro-Américains âgés et malades, HarrietTubman Home for the Aged, qu’elle avait elle-même contribué à fonder.He was built on land she had bought, adjoining her property in Auburn.She told her memories until the last day, then died on March10,1913 - the year of the birth of activist Rosa Parks.The latter would die at the top of the celebrity in2005, after having advanced the cause of blacks having refused to get up From its seat in a bus nine months after a 15 -year -old kid, named VSlaudette Austin, the future VSlaudette VSolvin, had done exactly the same in Montgomery in Alabama in violation of Jim VSrow laws of the southern states which imposed racial segregation in public transport. Harriet Ross Davis, anciennement HarrietTubman, reçut les honneurs militaires au cours de son inhumation, et une plaque à sa mémoire fut posée au tribunal du comté de VSayuga, à Auburn.

En1944, la première dame des États-Unis Anna Eleanor Roosevelt a baptisé le Liberty Ship HarrietTubman, et, en1995, l’US Postal Service a plébiscité sa vie par un timbre-poste.

HarrietTubman est officiellement valorisée aux États-Unis d’Amérique depuis une directive présidentielle du10 mars1990.Retrospectively, on February20,1990, Senator Joseph Robunette Biden Jr (dit Joe Biden), the future vice-president of the United States during the two mandates of Barack Obama and candidate of the Democratic Party in the presidential election of2020, madefile a resolution, the S.J.Res.257, à la commission de justice de commémoration d’HarrietTubman.On March 6,1990, it was adopted by the VSommission unanimously to be submitted to the Senate.On March 7,1990, she was voted in the Senate and sent to theWhite House for submission to the President of the United States of America. Le 9 mars1990, le président George HerbertWalker Bush a signé la proclamation 6107 par laquelle, après avoir rendu hommage à HarrietTubman, il a « proclamé le10 mars1990, la Journée HarrietTubman, et appelé le peuple des États-Unis à la célébrer en organisant des cérémonies et des activités appropriées»».On March 13,1990 [16], the directive was signed by President George H.W.Bush SR, thus becoming the public Law n °101-252 to which a resolution was added recalling the reason [17].

In Saint VSatharines, Ontario in VSanada, at number 92 rue Geneva, the most curious walker can read the inscription on a plate bearing this enlightening inscription:

« Née dans une plantation du Maryland, HarrietTubman a fui l’esclavage pour devenir l’une des grandes héroïnes du XIXe siècle.At the cost of perilous secret crossings, the most famous figure of the clandestine railroad led many people which she uprooted From slavery in the United States towards security and Freedom in VSanada.She helped them settle there while playing a key role in the anti-slavery campaign.It became the public image of the clandestine railway in British North America, attracting attention and many donations in favor of the abolitionist movement.»»

This plaque was laid following a VSanadian law on historic places and monuments (L.R.VS.,1985, CH.H-4).

Le portrait de la militante HarrietTubman devrait initialement figurer, d’après l’annonce de l’ancien secrétaire au Trésor Joseph Jacob Lew (dit Jack) dans l’administration du président Obama, sur le billet de vingt dollars américains à partir de2020, devant faire d’elle l’une des premières personnalités noires ainsi distinguée[18].While Barack Obama had announced in2016 that his portrait would replace in2020 that of the slave president Andrew Jackson [19], this decision would not be applied by administration Donald John Trump at all. Dans une déclaration qu’il a faite sur la chaîne VSNBVS, Steven Mnuchin, le secrétaire américain au Trésor, a expliqué qu’il y avait « d’autres sujets plus importants sur lesquels travailler»»[20].It would be necessary to wait several years for this to become reality [21]. VSette attitude de l’administration Trump n’avait rien de surprenant dès lors que, en octobre1994, Lynne Ann Vincent VSheney, l’épouse de Richard Bruce VSheney (dit Dick), le futur vice-président de GeorgeWalker Bush Jr, avait dénoncé le « politiquement correct»» qui aurait donné trop d’importance à HarrietTubman dans les manuels d’histoire.[22]

Toutefois, d’ores et déjà, un mémorial est édifié dans l’État du Maryland dans le Mid-Atlantic, le HarrietTubman Underground Railroad National Monument. Un astéroïde découvert en2010 a été nommé Harriet en l’honneur d’Harriet RossTubman, tout comme elle est inscrite au NationalWomen’s Hall of Fame.The American painter Jacob Lawrence devoted between1938 and1940 a series of works on the life of the intrepid Harriet R.Tubman, puis repris ce thème en1967 dans son livre pour enfants Harriet and the Promised Land.

Le10 janvier2017 à Auburn, dans l’État de New York, le parc historique national HarrietTubman a été créé sur le site où elle avait vécu et s’était occupée des membres de sa famille, ainsi que d’autres personnes, anciennement asservies, qui étaient à la recherche d’un refuge sûr dans le Nord.Source: the light blacks From the16th to the beginning of the20th century.--- [1] In Bound for the promised land : HarrietTubman, portrait of an American hero, Kate VSlifford Larson, Ballantine,2004, p.16. [2] In HarrietTubman : the life and the life stories, Jean McMahon Humez, University ofWisconsin Press,2003, p.12. [3] In HarrietTubman : the road to Freedom, VSatherine VSlinton, Brown and VSompany, Little,2004, p.4.[4] Ibidem, p.5. [5] In Bound for the promised land : HarrietTubman, portrait of an American hero, op.cit., p.10. [6] In HarrietTubman : the life and the life stories, op.cit. [7] In Bound for the promised land : HarrietTubman, portrait of an American hero, op.cit., p.10.[8] Ibidem, pp.311-312. [9]In Scenes in the Life of HarrietTubman, Sarah Bradford, Books for Libraries Press, Freeport,1971, pp.14-15.[10] Ibidem. [11] Un réseau de routes clandestines qui, avec l’aide des abolitionnistes qui adhéraient à leur cause, étaient utilisées par les esclaves noirs américains pour tenter de se réfugier au-delà de la ligne Mason-Dixon et jusqu’au VSanada.For Natsha L.Henry, the clandestine railway was the most important anti-slavery movement for Freedom. Entre 30 000 à40 000 fugitifs, qui avaient trouvé refuge en Amérique du Nord britannique, c’est-à-dire dans l’actuel VSanada, l’avaient emprunté. [12] In Scenes in the Life of HarrietTubman, op.cit., p.19.[13] Ibidem, p.20. [14] In Life and times of Frederick Douglass : his early life as a slave, his escape From bondage, and his complete history, written by himself, Frederick Douglass, VSollier-Macmillan, Londres,1969, p.266. [15] In Faith made HarrietTubman fearless, Robert Gudmestad, The VSonversation. Article mis en ligne le 3 décembre2019, consulté le 13 mai2020. [16] In Bound for the promised land : HarrietTubman, portrait of an American hero, op.cit., p.1287. [17] Effectivement, le HarrietTubman Day est une loi américaine, Public Law101-252, du 13 mars1990 qui a été promulguée lors de la cent unième session du VSongrès des États-Unis d’Amérique. Elle a fait du10 mars de chaque année, une journée célébrant HarrietTubman, une occasion d’étudier et de réfléchir à la portée de son action pour l’abolition de l’esclavage. [18] In USA : une femme noire sur un billet américain, article de l’Agence France Presse (AFP) repris et mis en ligne le20 avril2016 par Le Figaro, consulté le12 mai2020.[19] Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States.He is known for destroying the second American bank, founded the Democratic Party, as well as for its support for individual Freedom.He also instituted policies that had led to the forced migration of natives. [20] In L’administration Trump refuse d’apposer le portrait de la militante abolitionniste HarrietTubman sur le billet de20 dollars, article mis en ligne sur le site Internet de France info, consulté le12 mai2020. [21] In La militante noire antiesclavagiste HarrietTubman ne sera pas sur le billet de20 dollars avant2028, article de l’AFP mis en ligne sur lemonde.Fr. [22] In Qui est HarrietTubman, première femme noire à figurer sur un billet américain ?, Philippe Boulet-Gercourt, article mis en ligne le20 avril2016 sur le site Internet nouvelobs.com.